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Section Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conflict of Interest Acknowledgment Funding Sources References

Clinical Research

 

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for predictor of in-hospital mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis

Rodry Mikhael,¹ Evan Hindoro,² Sharleen Taner,³ Antonia Anna Lukito⁴

 

 

 

pISSN: 0853-1773 • eISSN: 2252-8083

https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.oa.202795 Med J Indones. 2020;29:172–82

 

Received: August 12, 2018

Accepted: February 19,2020

 

Authors' affiliation:

¹Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia,

²Bengkalis General Hospital, Riau, Indonesia,

³Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia,

⁴Department of Cardiology, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia

 

Corresponding author:

Evan Hindoro

Bengkalis General Hospital,

Jalan Kelapapati Tengah, Bengkalis, Riau 28711, Indonesia

Telp/Fax: +62-766-7008400

E-mail: evanhindoro@gmail.com

 

 

Background

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is the most life-threatening condition of acute coronary syndrome that carries a poor prognosis of in-hospital mortality. Multiple scoring systems have been developed to predict in-hospital mortality and other cardiovascular events. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is hardly used as a predictor of in-hospital mortality. This study was aimed to determine the predictive value of NLR concerning in-hospital mortality in STEMI patients.

 

Methods

Literature search and pooled analysis related to studies on MEDLINE/PubMed, EBSCO, Science Direct, Cochrane, and ProQuest were retrieved. Inclusion criteria were met if they were cohort studies, the subjects were STEMI patient, contained pretreatment NLR cut-off, and considered in-hospital mortality, which is defined as cardiac or all-cause mortality. Quality assessment was conducted using Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Review Manager version 5.3 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen) was used for meta-analysis.

 

Results

We found 12 studies with a total of 7,251 STEMI subjects with median NLR cut-off value of 5.6. Elevated NLR on admission carries a high risk of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 3.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.46–3.67). A slightly higher risk of all-cause mortality (OR = 2.74, 95% CI = 1.99–3.77) was observed compared with cardiac-related mortality (OR = 3.20, 95% CI = 2.47–4.14). No significant heterogeneity was observed between these studies (p = 0.46, I2 = 0%).

 

Conclusions

Elevated NLR predicts a higher in-hospital mortality rate of STEMI patients.

 

Keywords

in-hospital mortality, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, STEMI

 

 

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is known as the leading cause of death globally.¹ Notably, the increase of morbidity rate has also increased a concern on mortality. Global and regional data have shown that males have a higher risk of CHD than fertile females.² Based on findings from the National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita in 2014, the ratio of CHD in males versus females is 2.15:1, with mean age of 14–95 years old.³ One of the most daunting events of CHD is an acute coronary syndrome, a life-threatening condition that transpires due to a ruptured or eroded atherosclerotic plaque that is magnified by a thrombosis. Transmural myocardial infarction due to a total occlusion of atherothrombotic process in coronary blood vessels are shown in electrocardiography (ECG) results of persistent ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).⁴ Various immune-mediated inflammatory events occur after the rupture of atheroma.5,6

Numerous scoring systems were established to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), especially mortality in STEMI, which include thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) score and the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Event score.⁴ However, hematologic score indices were developed to predict the mortality rate. Hematological indices are basic laboratory examinations that are widely available and can be used as a marker of any inflammation, including myocardial infarction. Among different hematological indices, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has the highest predictive value in predicting an all-cause of death or myocardial infarction.⁷ NLR is known as a systemic inflammatory marker in numerous acute inflammatory cases. It is also recognized as the simplest, easiest, and most affordable marker to predict MACEs, especially in STEMI.⁸

Despite abundant published evidence, there is lack of meta-analysis that systematically evaluate, assess, and integrate, and bring the results to a solid conclusion. Thus, assessing the data and emphasizing the value of NLR in STEMI patients is worthwhile to determine the predictive value of NLR for MACEs, particular in-hospital mortality. This meta-analysis was aimed to investigate the value of NLR in STEMI as a predictor of in-hospital mortality.

 

METHODS

 

Search strategy

This meta-analysis was based on observational studies in epidemiology and recommendation of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. This focused on studies that evaluate NLR as a predictive factor of in-hospital mortality in STEMI. We included studies in which patients were diagnosed as STEMI. The primary endpoints were in-hospital mortality, which is defined as all-cause and cardiac-related mortality.

A systematic and comprehensive literature search was conducted using various search engines/libraries for relevant publications, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, Science Direct, ProQuest, and EBSCO databases from their inception to July 1, 2017. The following search terms were used: “myocardial infarction” or “STEMI”, and “NLR.” A reference list of the obtained abstract titles was screened by manual hand search to obtain additional articles. No language restriction was applied. We contacted some authors whose full text article were unavailable to obtain the required information. Additionally, we conducted a manual search by reviewing the citations in the included publications and reviewed the related references.

 

Eligibility criteria

Search results from the five aforementioned search engines/libraries were imported into Mendeley Reference Manager 1.17.11 (Elsevier, Netherlands) for duplicate deletion. Two reviewers (RM and EH) independently screened the references using the predetermined eligibility criteria. The inclusion criteria were: (1) cohort studies, either prospective or retrospective design; (2) patients diagnosed with STEMI confirmed by elevated cardiac biomarkers and persistent ST elevation in two consecutive leads on ECG; (3) contained an evaluation of pretreatment NLR with a cut-off value for predicting mortality; (4) contained outcome of mortality (all-cause or cardiac-related); and (5) available as full text. We contacted the author if there is any doubt related to the studies, or if the studies were not available as full text. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) animal studies, review articles, letters, editorials, communication, and case reports with no original data; (2) studies that did not directly report odds ratio (OR) in which we could not reconstruct them and obtain the exact patient number; (3) studies published as a poster presentation or unavailability of full text after comprehensive searching or contacting the author; and (4) studies with insufficient data for estimation.

Different decisions or disagreements in the screening procedures were discussed between two reviewers to reach a consensus. Consultation from our supervisor (AAL) was conducted if necessary. The full texts of included references were then retrieved through the library of the Universitas Indonesia, and full text screening was subsequently conducted to identify relevant references for data extraction.

 

Outcome of interest and definitions

All outcomes were measured to analyze the predictive value of elevated NLR in STEMI patients to predict in-hospital mortality. The outcomes consisted of the following: (1) all-cause mortality, defined as any cause of deaths that happened during hospitalizations (deaths occurring after patients were transferred to another facility were not considered as in-hospital deaths); (2) cardiac-related mortality, defined as any death caused by cardiac disorders, such as sudden cardiac deaths, acute heart failure, cardiogenic shock, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and reinfarction.

 

Data extraction

After eligibility assessment, the two investigators (RM and EH) independently extracted the following data according to a pre-specified protocol into a template that consisted of first author’s name, year of publication, country of origin, number of patients, characteristic of patients (mean age and number of male patients/gender), study design, NLR cut-off, NLR determination method, duration of follow-up, therapy modalities, and type of outcomes measured.

 

Quality assessment

The quality of each selected study was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, which included three criteria: selection, comparability, and outcome. Included studies were independently assessed by two reviewers (RM and EH). Studies achieving six or more stars were considered to be of good quality. Disagreements and discrepancies regarding the inclusion process were reconciled via consensus. Publication bias was evaluated through the visual analysis of the funnel plot asymmetry.

 

Statistical analysis

Meta-analysis was conducted according to recommendations from the Cochrane Collaboration (Oxford, United Kingdom). The effect outcomes were estimated by OR for dichotomous data and reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Analysis was conducted with Review Manager 5.3 software (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen), and then we assessed and quantified the statistical heterogeneity for each pooled estimate using the Cochran’s Q chi-square test and I2 statistic. A chi-square value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Random effect model analysis was used when items had high levels of heterogeneity (with I2>75%). In random effects model, we assumed that a variation between studies and thus the calculated OR has a more conservative value. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot, while an asymmetry distribution in funnel plot increases the suspicion of publication bias. To avoid publication bias, reviewers have been searching in several databases for registered studies such as ClinicalTrials.gov, MEDLINE, and Cochrane.

 

RESULTS

 

Our initial search yielded 1,420 studies on the association of NLR and in-hospital mortality through an initial literature search. After final screening of titles and abstracts, 1,407 studies were excluded because they were either review articles, abstracts, duplicate reports, or studies irrelevant to the current analysis. After careful evaluation by applying our inclusion criteria, a total of 14 studies were identified. Two studies by Núñez et al⁹ and Sawant et al¹⁰ were excluded due to an insufficient data, although the original author had been contacted via email. Therefore, 12 studies with 7,251 patients, which met our inclusion criteria, were enrolled for this meta-analysis.¹¹⁻²² The flowchart showed the process of study selection (Figure 1).

 

Figure 1. Flow chart of the study selection process. Twelve studies were found to be relevant with the inclusion criteria. Two studies were excluded due to insufficient data

 

 

Study characteristics

The studies were published between 2010 and 2017, and the characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The studies were conducted in various countries. Four studies were conducted in Turkey,11,14,17,18 three in China,13,19,21 two in Korea,15,16 one each in Indonesia²⁰ and in Pakistan,²² and one was performed in a multicenter setting¹² (Table 1).

 

Table 1. Summary of characteristics of all included studies

 

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as the reperfusion strategy was reported in eight studies.11–13,15–18,21 Two studies reported fibrinolysis as the main treatment,14,22 and the remaining studies reported mixed treatment of either primary PCI or fibrinolysis (with or without rescue PCI).19,20 The NLR cut-off was determined using different methods in each study. Three studies determined the NLR cut-off from the receiving-operator characteristic curve analysis,11,16,20 whereas seven studies determined the NLR cut-off from tertiles (tertile 3 versus tertile 1 & 2),12,14,15,17–19,21 one study from the median of interquartile,¹³ and one study used the NLR cut-off from previous study.²²

The sample size ranged from 165 to 2,410. Mean or median age ranged from 55.37 to 62.9 years old. Percentage of male patients ranged from 72.3% to 86.3%. Normality test of various NLR cut-offs showed a median value of 5.6, with a minimum value of 4.4 and a maximum of 7.5.

 

Risk of bias

The quality assessment on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale in each study was revealed (Table 2). All studies were rated as having a good quality based on the selection and outcome criteria. For the comparability criteria, none of the OR of these studies were adjusted for the confounders listed, e.g., age, gender, infarct location, reperfusion strategies, and others. However, if each study described its baseline characteristics of the subjects with no significant differences, then the groups (low versus high NLR) can be considered comparable. All studies had a good quality, as the scores of the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scales were higher than 6.

 

Table 2. Newcastle-Ottawa scale for quality assessment of studies

 

All current evidence listed above showed that elevated NLR increased the risk of in-hospital mortality. This review had included all studies currently available in the field for the association of elevated NLR and in-hospital mortality in STEMI patients. To minimize bias in the review process, two of the review authors selected studies, extracted the study data, and assessed the risk of bias and quality of the evidence independently.

As shown in Figure 2, the funnel plot appeared to be asymmetrical in the distribution of studies around the vertical axis. This condition suggests the possibility of publication bias or the “small-study effect” that is included in this study. However, chi-square test for objective heterogeneity analysis shows p = 0.46 with I2 = 17% (no significant heterogeneity).

 

Figure 2. Funnel plot diagrams for bias assessment of studies. SE (log [OR])=standard error by log odds ratio

 

 

Forest plot

The relationship of NLR cut-off with in-hospital mortality is described in Figure 3. A total of 275 events out of 2,860 patients with high NLR were observed, compared with 169 events in 5,083 patients with low NLR (OR = 3.00, 95% CI = 2.46−3.67).

 

Figure 3. Forest plot diagram analysis of NLR to predict in-hospital mortality, either all-cause or cardiac-related mortality. NLR=neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; CI=confidence interval; df=degrees of freedom

 

A subgroup analysis was performed to see the performance of NLR in all-cause mortality or cardiac-related mortality. Pooled analysis showed that high NLR increases the risk of both all-cause mortality (OR = 2.74, 95% CI = 1.99−3.77) and cardiac-related mortality (OR = 3.20, 95% CI = 2.47−4.14).

All results showed no substantial heterogeneity between each study based on the eye-ball test. Chi-square test was performed for objective heterogeneity analysis with p = 0.46 and I2 = 0% (<75%). X2 test value was less than degrees of freedom (df) value (X2 = 0.56, df = 1). These findings mean that our null hypothesis was rejected. Thus, no substantial heterogeneity between each study was found.

 

DISCUSSION

 

Among all studies that being analyzed, most subjects were male, >50 years old, and treated with various reperfusion strategies such as primary PCI and fibrinolytic. Almost all studies exclude malignancy, infectious disease, and chronic inflammatory condition to reduce cause-effect bias. This study can depict a real clinical situation, as most STEMI patients in many registries have a similar sociodemographic and clinical characteristic with subjects being analyzed in this study.²³⁻²⁵

NLR are being widely used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in various conditions, such as in solid tumors,²⁶⁻²⁸ autoimmune diseases,²⁹ and infectious disease,³⁰ due to its simplicity and availability.³¹ Its usage in cardiovascular disease are now being studied, such as in cerebrovascular disease,³² coronary artery disease, and acute coronary syndrome.³³ Many studies have observed that elevated NLR level are related with cardiovascular complications in STEMI, such as lower ejection fraction, higher cardiac marker levels, and cardiac remodeling.³⁴

Currently the most widely used prognostic score for predicting mortality in patients with STEMI is TIMI risk score.³⁵ There is an agreement that an elevated NLR level is related with higher TIMI Score.³⁶ Another predictors that have been studied are Killip class and glomerular filtration rate.³⁷ We propose that NLR being used as a prognostic tool for STEMI patients, or incorporated with another risk factor into a scoring system. However the optimal cut-off is still needed to be determined.

This study found that NLR emerged as the potential new biomarker in STEMI since its potential to predict in-hospital mortality, especially cardiac-related mortality. Thus, patient with high NLR value has a higher risk of death related to all-cause mortality and cardiac-related mortality during hospitalization. These findings suggest that NLR reflects the equilibrium between neutrophil and lymphocyte levels and indicates systemic inflammation.⁷ The increment of neutrophil level in blood demonstrates the signs of tissue injury and necrosis in STEMI, showing protein denaturation, which induces interleukin (IL)-8, chemotaxin, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor. Those immune reactions encourage neutrophil recruitment and increase vascular permeability to execute the function of phagocytosis.³⁸ On the other hand, a proposed mechanism is that lymphopenia was a stress response secondary to increased body cortisol levels.³⁹

This meta-analysis has certain limitations. First, all studies in this meta-analysis do not have single cut-off values for NLR. Each study analyzed and firmly established their specific cut-off values from the population samples. Moreover, the NLR cut-off values were set by using various methods. Out of 12 studies, 8 utilized tertiles or interquartiles range to determine the NLR cut-off values of the study population. By contrast, receiving-operator characteristic curve analyses were used to determine the NLR cut-off values by three out of 12 studies. As a result, the multiple cut-off values were observed in those analyses. Second, an elevated NLR predicted poor prognosis of in-hospital mortality among STEMI patients, but an exact single cut-off value of the NLR that carries worse prognosis cannot be determined. In the future, another prognostic study with a higher number of samples needs to be conducted. Lastly, this meta-analysis carried a high risk of publication bias due to asymmetry of the funnel plot diagrams. Furthermore, unpublished studies with “negative” results might have been missed. However, several factors may potentially influence the results of publication bias analysis by using the funnel plot, such as a small number of populations involved in those studies, which may affect asymmetrical findings in the funnel plot.

NLR was selected because it is inexpensive, practical, and widely available blood test, especially in limited health care facilities. Therefore, throughout this findings, we emphasized that the routine blood examination of NLR was compulsory in patients with STEMI, which could be done at any stage of the medical health service. Subsequently, NLR might be included in the risk assessment scoring in STEMI as an additional independent predictor for in-hospital or long-term MACE. From the clinicians’ point of view, the prediction definitely would influence the subsequent treatments. Nevertheless, larger STEMI registries were required to fix single cut-off values of NLR determination. In conclusion, this meta-analysis demonstrated that elevated NLR predicted a higher risk of in-hospital mortality among STEMI patients.

 

 

Conflict of Interest

The authors affirm no conflict of interest in this study.

 

Acknowledgment

None.

 

Funding Sources

None.

 

 

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