Cytogenetics in oncology: From hematologic malignancies to solid tumors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v18i1.342Keywords:
Philadelphia chromosome, FISH, chronic myeloid leukemiaAbstract
Walaupun saat ini kanker dikenal sebagai penyakit yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan dan muncul secara sporadis, namun kanker dipertimbangkan sebagai suatu penyakit genetik karena adanya mutasi gen sebagai faktor yang konsisten. Kromosom Philadelphia yang ditemukan pada pasien-pasien leukemia granulositik kronik (LGK) merupakan penemuan kelainan kromosom bermakna pertama yang berkaitan dengan jenis keganasan tertentu. Berawal dari penemuan ini, sitogenetika yang mempelajari kromosom telah menjadi perangkat yang berharga dalam penatalaksanaan kanker - membantu penegakan diagnosis, panduan terapi, dan petanda prognosis. Pada kegananasan hematologi, kelainan kromosom sebagian besar ditemukan pada sumsum tulang, dan penemuan tersebut lebih patognomonik. Keadaan yang berbeda ditemukan pada tumor padat, dimana saat tumor terlihat dengan mata telanjang telah terjadi perubahan kromosom yang kompleks sehingga menimbulkan kesulitan teknis bagi para ahli sitogenetika. Namun para ilmuwan percaya bahwa adanya kemajuan dalam teknologi kromosom, dari sitogenetika konvensional menjadi sitogenetika molekuler, akan menyediakan informasi lebih lanjut, berkaitan dengan tumor padat. (Med J Indones 2009; 18: 69-75)
Although presently known as an environmentally-related disease and appears mostly sporadic, cancer is regarded as a genetic disease based on the presence of genetic mutation as a consistent factor. The "Philadelphia Chromosome" found consistently among chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients was the first significant finding of a chromosomal abnormality specifically related to a particular disease. Starting from this point, cytogenetics as the study of chromosomes has become a valuable tool in the assessment of cancer - as an aid in diagnosis, thus guiding therapy, and as a prognostic marker. Chromosomal abnormalities are found mostly in hematological malignancies and the findings are more pathognomonic. The situation is different in solid tumors, which when visible to the naked eye already have complex chromosomal changes and thus pose technical difficulties to the cytogeneticist. However, the scientists believe that the shift in chromosomal studies from conventional cytogenetics to molecular cytogenetics will provide further information regarding solid tumors. (Med J Indones 2009; 18: 69-75)
Keywords: Philadelphia chromosome, FISH, chronic myeloid leukemia
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