Prehypertension and hypertension among young Indonesian adults at a primary health care in a rural area
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v22i1.519Keywords:
Hypertension, prehypertension, rural area, young adultAbstract
Background: Prehypertension and hypertension were related with many complications of nearly every organ, but often neglected by young adults in rural area. This research was done to observe the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among young adult in a primary health care of rural area at Cicurug, Sukabumi District, West Java.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in Cicurug Public Health Center, Sukabumi District, West Java. The subjects were consecutively recruited from the outpatient clinic on Monday until Saturday in September 2012,18-25 years old, not pregnant nor having shock. They were interviewed about their age, gender, physical activity, sitting hours, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, and family history and examined by trained health professionals (weight, height, body mass index [BMI], systolic and diastolic blood pressure).
Results: From 111 young adults, 34.2% had prehypertension and 17.1% had hypertension. Within sex groups, the prevalence of prehypertension was higher in females, whereas hypertension was occurred more in males. Neither of family history from mother nor father were associated with prehypertension and hypertension compared with normotension. Total activity was not associated with prehypertension (OR = 2.6; p = 0.052) and hypertension (OR = 1.758; p = 0.498). BMI was associated with hypertension (OR = 3.354; p = 0.041) and not associated with prehypertension (OR = 2.343; p = 0.099).
Conclusion: Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension were relatively high among young adult in primary health care of rural area. Intervention to prevent further complications needs to be done early with lifestyle modification because blood pressure is associated with modifiable risk factors, such as BMI and total activity. (Med J Indones. 2013;22:39-45)
Keywords: Hypertension, prehypertension, rural area, young adult
Downloads
References
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560-72.
Ferguson TS, Younger N, Tulloch-Reid MK, et al. Progression from prehypertension to hypertension in a Jamaican cohort: incident hypertension and its predictors. West Indian Med J. 2010;59:486-93.
Arima H, Murakami Y, Lam TH, et al. Effects of prehypertension and hypertension subtype on cardiovascular disease in the Asia-Pacific Region. Hypertension. 2012;59:1118-23.
Liszka HA, Mainous AG, 3rd, King DE, et al. Prehypertension and cardiovascular morbidity. Ann Fam Med. 2005;3:294-9.
Mainous AG, 3rd, Everett CJ, Liszka H, et al. Prehypertension and mortality in a nationally representative cohort. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:1496-500.
Lee M, Saver JL, Chang B, et al. Presence of baseline prehypertension and risk of incident stroke: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 2011;77:1330-7.
Kanno A, Kikuya M, Ohkubo T, et al. Pre-hypertension as a significant predictor of chronic kidney disease in a general population: the Ohasama Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:3218-23.
Player MS, Mainous AG, 3rd, Diaz VA, et al. Prehypertension and insulin resistance in a nationally representative adult population. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007;9:424-9.
Mullican DR, Lorenzo C, Haffner SM. Is prehypertension a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1870-2.
Pletcher MJ, Bibbins-Domingo K, Lewis CE, et al. Prehypertension during young adulthood and coronary calcium later in life. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:91-9.
World Health Organization. World health statistics 2012. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
Nguyen TT, Adair LS, Suchindran CM, et al. The association between body mass index and hypertension is different between East and Southeast Asians. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1905-12.
Grotto I, Grossman E, Huerta M, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension and associated cardiovascular risk profiles among young Israeli adults. Hypertension. 2006;48:254-9.
Rachmawati R, Permanasari Y. Higher body mass index may increase prehypertension risk. Health Science Indones. 2011;2:21-7.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National household survey on drug abuse: main findings 1996: Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration, Department of Health & Human Services; 1998.
World Health Organization, International Obesity Task Force and International Association for the Study of Obesity. The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment. Sydney: Health Communications Australia Pty Ltd; 2000.
IPAQ Research Committe. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) [Internet]. 2005 [cited 1 Sept 2012]. Available from: www.ipaq.ki.se/scoring.pdf.
Watanabe N, Fukushima M, Taniguchi A, et al. Smoking, white blood cell counts, and TNF system activity in Japanese male subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Tob Induc Dis. 2011;9:12.
Zhang W, Li N. Prevalence, risk factors, and management of prehypertension. Int J Hypertens. 2011;2011:605359.
Guo X, Zou L, Zhang X, et al. Prehypertension: a meta-analysis of the epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of progression. Tex Heart Inst J. 2011;38:643-52.
Godwin M, Pike A, Kirby A, et al. Prehypertension and hypertension in a primary care practice. Can Fam Physician. 2008;54:1418-23.
Wang Y, Wang QJ. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among US adults according to the new joint national committee guidelines: new challenges of the old problem. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:2126-34.
Zarchi AAK, Gahangiri M. Prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian military personnel: prevalence according to some related factors. World Appl Sci J. 2010;11:541-7.
Kitai E, Vinker S, Halperin L, et al. Pre-hypertension is a common phenomenon: national database study. Isr Med Assoc J. 2007;9:8-11.
Ejike CE, Ugwu CE, Ezeanyika LU. Variations in the prevalence of point (pre)hypertension in a Nigerian school-going adolescent population living in a semi-urban and an urban area. BMC Pediatr. 2010;10:13.
Choi KM, Park HS, Han JH, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a Korean population: Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2001. J Hypertens. 2006;24:1515-21.
Yu D, Huang J, Hu D, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension among Chinese adults. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2008;52:363-8.
Arafa NAS, Ez-Elarab HS. Epidemiology of prehypertension and hypertension among Egyptian adults. The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine. 2011;29:1-18.
Koura MR, Al-Dabal BK, Rasheed P, et al. Prehypertension among young adult females in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J. 2012;18:728-34.
Erem C, Hacihasanoglu A, Kocak M, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension and associated risk factors among Turkish adults: Trabzon Hypertension Study. J Public Health (Oxf). 2009;31:47-58.
Altun B, Arici M, Nergizoglu G, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Turkey (the PatenT study) in 2003. J Hypertens. 2005;23:1817-23.
Sonmez HM, Basak O, Camci C, et al. The epidemiology of elevated blood pressure as an estimate for hypertension in Aydin, Turkey. J Hum Hypertens. 1999;13:399-404.
Tugay Aytekin N, Pala K, Irgil E, et al. Distribution of blood pressures in Gemlik District, north-west Turkey. Health Soc Care Community. 2002;10:394-401.
Bensenor IM. Hypertension and headache: a coincidence without any real association. Sao Paulo Med J. 2003;121:183-4.
Pang W, Sun Z, Zheng L, et al. Body mass index and the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a Chinese rural population. Intern Med. 2008;47:893-7.
Ishikawa Y, Ishikawa J, Ishikawa S, et al. Prevalence and determinants of prehypertension in a Japanese general population: the Jichi Medical School Cohort Study. Hypertens Res. 2008;31:1323-30.
Kawamoto R, Kohara K, Tabara Y, et al. High prevalence of prehypertension is associated with the increased body mass index in community-dwelling Japanese. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2008;216:353-61.
Shanthirani CS, Pradeepa R, Deepa R, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension in a selected South Indian population--the Chennai Urban Population Study. J Assoc Physicians India. 2003;51:20-7.
Jenei Z, Pall D, Katona E, et al. The epidemiology of hypertension and its associated risk factors in the city of Debrecen, Hungary. Public Health. 2002;116:138-44.
Yadav S, Boddula R, Genitta G, et al. Prevalence & risk factors of pre-hypertension & hypertension in an affluent north Indian population. Indian J Med Res. 2008;128:712-20.
Glasser SP, Judd S, Basile J, et al. Prehypertension, racial prevalence and its association with risk factors: Analysis of the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24:194-9.
Ferguson TS, Younger NO, Tulloch-Reid MK, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension and its relationship to risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Jamaica: analysis from a cross-sectional survey. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2008;8:20.
Yang J, Lu F, Zhang C, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a Chinese rural area from 1991 to 2007. Hypertens Res. 2010;33:331-7.
Nakamura K, Barzi F, Lam TH, et al. Cigarette smoking, systolic blood pressure, and cardiovascular diseases in the Asia-Pacific region. Stroke. 2008;39:1694-702.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with Medical Journal of Indonesia agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant Medical Journal of Indonesia right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License that allows others to remix, adapt, build upon the work non-commercially with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in Medical Journal of Indonesia.
- Authors are permitted to copy and redistribute the journal's published version of the work non-commercially (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Medical Journal of Indonesia.
