Elevated extracellular CO2 level affects the adaptive transcriptional response and survival of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells toward hypoxia and oxidative stress

  • Septelia Inawati Wanandi Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Molecular Biology and Proteomics Core Facilities, Indonesian Medical and Education Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7963-8853
  • Sekar Arumsari Molecular Biology and Proteomics Core Facilities, Indonesian Medical and Education Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3623-9617
  • Edwin Afitriansyah Molecular Biology and Proteomics Core Facilities, Indonesian Medical and Education Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7388-7269
  • Resda Akhra Syahrani Molecular Biology and Proteomics Core Facilities, Indonesian Medical and Education Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Idham Rafly Dewantara Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Luthfian Aby Nurachman Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Ihya Fakhrurizal Amin Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Putera Dewa Haryono Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Kenny Budiman Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0534-784X
  • Adrianus Jonathan Sugiharta Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6611-3070
  • Amino Aytiwan Remedika Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Farhan Hilmi Tafikulhakim Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Febriana Catur Iswanti Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Molecular Biology and Proteomics Core Facilities, Indonesian Medical and Education Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Jason Youngbin Lee Biomedical Science Master Program, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Jersey, USA; USAID Research Innovation Fellowship 2017, Washington DC, USA
  • Debabrata Banerjee Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Jersey, USA
DOI: https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.oa.203810
Keywords: elevated CO2, extracelullar pH, oxidative stress, PBMC, reactive oxygen species
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Abstract

BACKGROUND High carbon dioxide (CO2) level from indoor environments, such as classrooms and offices, might cause sick building syndrome. Excessive indoor CO2 level increases CO2 level in the blood, and over-accumulation of CO2 induces an adaptive response that requires modulation of gene expression. This study aimed to investigate the adaptive transcriptional response toward hypoxia and oxidative stress in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exposed to elevated CO2 level in vitro and its association with cell viability.

METHODS PBMCs were treated in 5% CO2 and 15% CO2, representatives a high CO₂ level condition for 24 and 48 hours. Extracellular pH (pHe) was measured with a pH meter. The levels of reactive oxygen species were determined by measuring superoxide and hydrogen peroxide with dihydroethidium and dichlorofluorescin-diacetate assay. The mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, HIF-2α, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) were analyzed using a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell survival was determined by measuring cell viability.

RESULTS pHe increased in 24 hours after 15% CO₂ treatment, and then decreased in 48 hours. Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide levels increased after the 24- and 48-hour of high CO₂ level condition. The expression levels of NF-κB, MnSOD, HIF-1α, and HIF-2α decreased in 24 hours and increased in 48 hours. The increased antioxidant mRNA expression in 48 hours showed that the PBMCs were responsive under high CO2 conditions. Elevated CO2 suppressed cell viability significantly in 48 hours.

CONCLUSIONS After 48 hours of high CO₂ level condition, PBMCs showed an upregulation in genes related to hypoxia and oxidative stress to overcome the effects of CO2 elevation.

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Published
2021-03-25
How to Cite
1.
Wanandi SI, Arumsari S, Afitriansyah E, Syahrani RA, Dewantara IR, Nurachman LA, Amin IF, Haryono PD, Budiman K, Sugiharta AJ, Remedika AA, Tafikulhakim FH, Iswanti FC, Lee JY, Banerjee D. Elevated extracellular CO<sub>2</sub&gt; level affects the adaptive transcriptional response and survival of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells toward hypoxia and oxidative stress. Med J Indones [Internet]. 2021Mar.25 [cited 2024Apr.16];30(1):5-12. Available from: http://mji.ui.ac.id/journal/index.php/mji/article/view/3810
Issue
Vol. 30 No. 1 (2021): March
Section
Basic Medical Research

Copyright (c) 2021 Sekar Arumsari

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