Effect of immediate electrical stimulation in the distal segment of the nerve with Wallerian degeneration in rats with sciatic nerve injury
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.oa.225870Keywords:
electrical stimulation, sciatic nerve, Wallerian degenerationAbstract
BACKGROUND Electrical stimulation in the proximal segment is one of the modalities for peripheral nerve injury, although it is prone to cause excessive axonal sprouting growth in the proximal segment of the nerve. This study aimed to show that immediate electrical stimulation in the distal segment of the sciatic nerve in Wistar rats accelerated Wallerian degeneration by increasing the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-10, and galectin-3/MAC-2 macrophages to avoid sprouting axons excessively in the proximal segment.
METHODS This was an experimental study using male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) with a randomized post-test only control group design. The treatment group received immediate electrical stimulation (20 Hz, 2 mA, for 5 sec) to the distal nerve after sciatic nerve injury, while the control group received no treatment. After 3 days, tissue samples were extracted from the distal segment of the sciatic nerve to examine the level of TNF-α, IL-10, and galectin 3/Mac-2 macrophages using ELISA and from proximal nerves to histologically examine the sprouting axons.
RESULTS Rats in the treatment group had higher TNF-α (52.1 [10.32] versus 40.4 [17.71] pg/100 mg, p = 0.031) and higher IL-10 (918 [167.6] versus 759 [158.9] pg/ml, p = 0.010). Expression of galectin 3/Mac-2 macrophages was similar in both groups (465 [49.5] versus 444 [54.4] pg/100 mg, p = 0.247). The number of sprouting axons was lower in the treatment group (2 [IQR 1–2] versus 2.5 [IQR 2–3], p = 0.003).
CONCLUSIONS Immediate electrical stimulation in the distal segment of the sciatic nerve can accelerate nerve regeneration.
Downloads
References
Eser A, Zulf?karoglu E, Eserdag S, K?l?c S, Dan?sman N. Predictive value of middle cerebral artery to uterine artery pulsatility index ratio in preeclampsia. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;284(2):307-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-010-1660-5
Stoll G, Jander S, Myers RR. Degeneration and regeneration of the peripheral nervous system: from Augustus Waller's observations to neuroinflammation. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2002;7(1):13-27. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8027.2002.02002.x
Xu QG, Midha R, Martinez JA, Guo GF, Zochodne DW. Facilitated sprouting in a peripheral nerve injury. Neuroscience. 2008;152(4):877-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.060
National Research Council (US) Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. 8th ed. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011.
Leary S, Underwood W, Anthony R, Cartner S, Grandin T, Greenacre C, et al. AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 edition. American Veterinary Medical Association: Schaumburg; 2013.
DeFrancesco-Lisowitz A, Lindborg JA, Niemi JP, Zigmond RE. The neuroimmunology of degeneration and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Neuroscience. 2015;302:174-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.027
Rotshenker S. Wallerian degeneration: the innate-immune response to traumatic nerve injury. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8:109. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-8-109
Tsaava T, Datta-Chaudhuri T, Addorisio ME, Masi EB, Silverman HA, Newman JE, et al. Specific vagus nerve stimulation parameters alter serum cytokine levels in the absence of inflammation. Bioelectron Med. 2020;6:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-020-00042-8
Su HL, Chiang CY, Lu ZH, Cheng FC, Chen CJ, Sheu ML, et al. Late administration of high-frequency electrical stimulation increases nerve regeneration without aggravating neuropathic pain in a nerve crush injury. BMC Neurosci. 2018;19(1):37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-018-0437-9
Liu P, Peng J, Han GH, Ding X, Wei S, Gao G, et al. Role of macrophages in peripheral nerve injury and repair. Neural Regen Res. 2019;14(8):1335-42. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.253510
Javeed S, Faraji AH, Dy C, Ray WZ, MacEwan MR. Application of electrical stimulation for peripheral nerve regeneration: stimulation parameters and future horizons. Interdiscip Neurosurg Adv Tech Case Manag. 2021;24:101117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inat.2021.101117
Pesheva P, Nellen J, Biersack HJ, Probstmeier R. Galectin-3 is differentially expressed during peripheral nerve development: dependence on the Schwann cell phenotype. Neurosci Res Commun. 2002;30(2):71-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/nrc.10019
Elzinga K, Tyreman N, Ladak A, Savaryn B, Olson J, Gordon T. Brief electrical stimulation improves nerve regeneration after delayed repair in Sprague Dawley rats. Exp Neurol. 2015;269:142-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.022
Radtke C, Vogt PM. Peripheral nerve regeneration: a current perspective. Eplasty. 2009;9:e47.
Ananthakrishnan P, Lucas A. Options and considerations in the timing of breast reconstruction after mastectomy. Cleve Clin J Med. 2008;75 Suppl 1:S30-3. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.75.Suppl_1.S30
Atkins S, Loescher AR, Boissonade FM, Smith KG, Occleston N, O'Kane S, et al. Interleukin-10 reduces scarring and enhances regeneration at a site of sciatic nerve repair. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2007;12(4):269-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8027.2007.00148.x
Zuo KJ, Gordon T, Chan KM, Borschel GH. Electrical stimulation to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration: update in molecular investigations and clinical translation. Exp Neurol. 2020;332:113397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113397
Samiee F, Zarrindast MR. Effect of electrical stimulation on motor nerve regeneration in sciatic nerve ligated-mice. Eur J Transl Myol. 2017;27(3):6488. https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2017.6488
Gordon T, Sulaiman OA, Ladak A. Chapter 24: Electrical stimulation for improving nerve regeneration: where do we stand? Int Rev Neurobiol. 2009;87:433-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7742(09)87024-4
Haastert-Talini K, Grothe C. Tissue engineering of the peripheral nerve - biomaterials and physical therapy. 1st ed. Elsevier; 2013. Chapter 5, Electrical stimulation for promoting peripheral nerve regeneration; p. 111-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-420045-6.00005-5
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with Medical Journal of Indonesia agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant Medical Journal of Indonesia right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License that allows others to remix, adapt, build upon the work non-commercially with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in Medical Journal of Indonesia.
- Authors are permitted to copy and redistribute the journal's published version of the work non-commercially (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Medical Journal of Indonesia.
