Secondhand tobacco smoke in public venues in three Indonesian cities

  • M. J. Byron Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
  • Dollaris R. Suhadi Swisscontact Indonesia Foundation, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Lisa M. Hepp Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
  • Erika Avila-Tang Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
  • Jingyan Yang Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
  • Gema Asiani Palembang City Health Agency, Palembang, Indonesia
  • Rubaeah Rubaeah Bogor City Health Department, Bogor, Indonesia
  • Stephen A. Tamplin Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
  • Tara S. Bam International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Joanna E. Cohen Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
DOI: https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v22i4.606
Keywords: Cigarettes, kretek, protection, protect, secondhand smoke, smoke-free policy, tobacco
Abstract viewed: 2126 times
PDF downloaded: 737 times

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to measure secondhand tobacco (including kretek) smoke (SHS) concentrations in public places in Jakarta, Bogor, and Palembang before laws banning smoking in public spaces went into effect.

Methods: Particulate matter (PM2.5) was measured in 15 hospitals, 15 government offices, 30 restaurants, and 26 entertainment venues throughout the three cities. Also, in Jakarta, vapor-phase nicotine was measured in 5 schools, 5 hospitals, 5 government offices, 9 restaurants, and 10 entertainment venues. Data were analyzed descriptively. Differences by city and venue characteristics were analyzed by Studentâs t-test, ANOVA, and Bonferroni pairwise statistical tests.

Results: Geometric mean PM2.5 levels were highest in entertainment venues (96 µg/m3), followed by restaurants (78 µg/m3), government offices (57 µg/m3), and hospitals (46 µg/m3). Air nicotine levels in Jakarta were highest in designated smoking areas (4.71 µg/m3) and designated non-smoking areas (1.55 µg/m3) of entertainment venues. These were followed by government offices (0.30 µg/m3), designated smoking areas (0.24 µg/m3) and designated non-smoking areas (0.19 µg/m3) of restaurants, hospitals (0.01 µg/m3), and schools (0.01 µg/m3).

Conclusion: SHS was detected in all venues in the three cities in Indonesia. High levels of air nicotine were found in non-smoking areas of restaurants and entertainment venues, indicating that designated smoking areas are not an effective solution to eliminate SHS. There is no safe level of SHS exposure and thus SHS in these venues increases the risk of adverse health effects among children and adults. These findings support the need for 100% smoke-free laws covering all public venues in these and other Indonesian cities. (Med J Indones. 2013;22:232-7. doi: 10.13181/mji.v22i4.606)

References

  1. US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US DHHS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on Smoking and Health; 2006.

  2. WHO. Protection from exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke: Policy recommendations. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.

  3. WHO. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005 updated reprint.

  4. WHO [Internet]. Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. 2013 [updated 2013 June 25; cited 2013 July 29]; Available from: http://www.who.int/fctc/signatories_parties/en/index.html.

  5. Eriksen M, Mackay J, Ross H. The tobacco atlas. 4th ed. New York: World Lung Foundation; 2012.

  6. WHO. Global Adult Tobacco Survey: Indonesia report 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.

  7. WHO. Global Youth Tobacco Survey: Indonesia 2009 factsheet (ages 13-15). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.

  8. Brinson B. A good match. Tobacco Reporter. November 2008.

  9. Euromonitor. Cigarettes - Indonesia. London: Euromonitor International; 2010.

  10. Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia. Factsheet No.4. Indonesians strongly support establishment of 100% smoke-free environments. Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia, Directorate General of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Directorate of Non-Communicable Disease Control, 2011.

  11. Wipfli HL, Fujimoto K, Valente TW. Global tobacco control diffusion: The case of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(7):1260-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.167833

  12. Hyland A, Travers MJ, Dresler C, Higbee C, Cummings KM. A 32-country comparison of tobacco smoke derived particle levels in indoor public places. Tob Control. 2008;17(3):159-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.2007.020479

  13. Lee J, Lim S, Lee K, Guo X, Kamath R, Yamato H, et al. Secondhand smoke exposures in indoor public places in seven Asian countries. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2010;213(5):348-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.05.007

  14. Kim S, Sohn J, Lee K. Exposure to particulate matters (PM2.5) and airborne nicotine in computer game rooms after implementation of smoke-free legislation in South Korea. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010;12(12):1246-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntq189

  15. Navas-Acien A, Peruga A, Breysse P, Zavaleta A, Blanco-Marquizo A, Pitarque R, et al. Secondhand tobacco smoke in public places in Latin America, 2002-2003. JAMA. 2004;291(22):2741-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.22.2741

  16. Hammond SK, Leaderer BP. A diffusion monitor to measure exposure to passive smoking. Environ Sci Technol. 1987;21:494-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00159a012

  17. Avila-Tang E, Travers MJ, Navas-Acien A. Promoting smoke-free environments in Latin America: a comparison of methods to assess secondhand smoke exposure. Salud Publica Mex. 2010;52 Suppl 2:S138-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342010000800009

  18. Hornung R, Reed L. Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values. Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 1990(5):46-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047322X.1990.10389587

  19. Stillman F, Navas-Acien A, Ma J, Ma S, Avila-Tang E, Breysse P, et al. Second-hand tobacco smoke in public places in urban and rural China. Tob Control. 2007;16(4):229-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.018333

  20. WHO. WHO air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide: Summary of risk assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006; Available from: whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_eng.pdf.

Published
2013-12-13
How to Cite
1.
Byron MJ, Suhadi DR, Hepp LM, Avila-Tang E, Yang J, Asiani G, Rubaeah R, Tamplin SA, Bam TS, Cohen JE. Secondhand tobacco smoke in public venues in three Indonesian cities. Med J Indones [Internet]. 2013Dec.13 [cited 2024Apr.25];22(4):232-7. Available from: http://mji.ui.ac.id/journal/index.php/mji/article/view/606
Issue
Vol. 22 No. 4 (2013): November
Section
Community Research

Copyright (c) 2013 M. J. Byron, Dollaris R. Suhadi, Lisa M. Hepp, Erika Avila-Tang, Jingyan Yang, Gema Asiani, Rubaeah Rubaeah, Stephen A. Tamplin, Tara S. Bam, Joanna E. Cohen

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with Medical Journal of Indonesia agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant Medical Journal of Indonesia right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License that allows others to remix, adapt, build upon the work non-commercially with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in Medical Journal of Indonesia.
  2. Authors are permitted to copy and redistribute the journal's published version of the work non-commercially (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Medical Journal of Indonesia.

DB Error: You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near ') AND metric_type = 'ojs::counter' GROUP BY submission_id ORDER BY metric DESC' at line 1

Stack Trace:

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/lib/pkp/classes/statistics/PKPMetricsDAO.inc.php line 192
Function: DAO->retrieve("SELECT submission_id, SUM(metric) AS metric FROM metrics WHERE a...", Array(3))

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/classes/statistics/MetricsDAO.inc.php line 39
Function: PKPMetricsDAO->getMetrics(Array(1), Array(1), Array(3), Array(1), Null, True)

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/plugins/generic/usageStats/PKPUsageStatsReportPlugin.inc.php line 84
Function: MetricsDAO->getMetrics("ojs::counter", Array(1), Array(2), Array(1), Null)

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/plugins/generic/usageStats/OJSUsageStatsReportPlugin.inc.php line 32
Function: PKPUsageStatsReportPlugin->getMetrics("ojs::counter", Array(1), Array(2), Array(1), Null)

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/lib/pkp/classes/core/PKPApplication.inc.php line 615
Function: OJSUsageStatsReportPlugin->getMetrics("ojs::counter", Array(1), Array(2), Array(1), Null)

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/plugins/generic/recommendByAuthor/RecommendByAuthorPlugin.inc.php line 96
Function: PKPApplication->getMetrics(Array(1), Array(1), Array(2), Array(1))

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/lib/pkp/classes/plugins/HookRegistry.inc.php line 107
Function: RecommendByAuthorPlugin->callbackTemplateArticlePageFooter("Templates::Article::Footer::PageFooter", Array(3))

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/lib/pkp/classes/template/PKPTemplateManager.inc.php line 1116
Function: HookRegistry::call("Templates::Article::Footer::PageFooter", Array(3))

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/cache/t_compile/42362804174f266c598cdb32c3208fc745b92101^1c372c95cd85572e0fbc9a53d0323a0b229cfc78_0.app.frontendpagesarticle.tpl.php line 43
Function: PKPTemplateManager->smartyCallHook(Array(1), Object(Smarty_Internal_Template))

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/smarty/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_resource_base.php line 123
Function: content_661e2adf5094a4_83632276(Object(Smarty_Internal_Template))

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/smarty/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_template_compiled.php line 114
Function: Smarty_Template_Resource_Base->getRenderedTemplateCode(Object(Smarty_Internal_Template))

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/smarty/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_template.php line 216
Function: Smarty_Template_Compiled->render(Object(Smarty_Internal_Template))

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/smarty/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_templatebase.php line 232
Function: Smarty_Internal_Template->render(False, 1)

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/smarty/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_internal_templatebase.php line 134
Function: Smarty_Internal_TemplateBase->_execute(Object(Smarty_Internal_Template), Null, "42362804174f266c598cdb32c3208fc745b92101", Null, 1)

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/lib/pkp/classes/template/PKPTemplateManager.inc.php line 843
Function: Smarty_Internal_TemplateBase->display("frontend/pages/article.tpl", Null, "42362804174f266c598cdb32c3208fc745b92101", Null)

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/pages/article/ArticleHandler.inc.php line 216
Function: PKPTemplateManager->display("frontend/pages/article.tpl")

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/lib/pkp/classes/core/PKPRouter.inc.php line 390
Function: ArticleHandler->view(Array(0), Object(Request))

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/lib/pkp/classes/core/PKPPageRouter.inc.php line 231
Function: PKPRouter->_authorizeInitializeAndCallRequest(Array(2), Object(Request), Array(1), False)

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/lib/pkp/classes/core/Dispatcher.inc.php line 134
Function: PKPPageRouter->route(Object(Request))

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/lib/pkp/classes/core/PKPApplication.inc.php line 252
Function: Dispatcher->dispatch(Object(Request))

File: /home/mjifkui/public/journal/index.php line 68
Function: PKPApplication->execute()